Basic first-aid everyone should know

If you encounter a casualty who's conscious or having a heart attack, following these simple steps while waiting for medical help might make the difference between life and death.

1. Help them into a half-seated position with head and shoulders supported, legs raised and knees bent to ease strain on the heart.
2. If possible, support the knees on pillows, cushions or rolled up coats for comfort.
3. Loosen clothing at the collar, chest and waist.
4. Offer reassurance that help will soon arrive. If you're in a public place, call out to see if there's a doctor nearby who could help. Try to keep intrusive bystanders away from the casualty.
5. Give medication if the casualty suffers from chest pains and has their medication on-hand. They may need your help to find their medication, and to administer it.
6. Continuously monitor the patient, checking their breathing, pulse and state of consciousness. Don't leave them alone.

With a heart attack, every second counts, so learn to spot the signs and act at once. A casualty is three times more likely to survive if specialist medical help is given within the hour.

• If someone appears unwell and shows signs of a heart attack, dial the emergency services without hesitation.
• Clearly tell the dispatcher that you suspect a heart attack, or enlist someone else to do so while you stay with the patient.
• Comfort the patient and monitor their condition while you wait for the emergency services.

• Vice-like chest pains that may spread to the jaw and down one or both arms.
• The patient feels dizzy and faint, and is stricken with panic or a sense of impending doom.
• Their skin is ashen and clammy.
• Their lips are turning blue and they're gasping for air.
• Their pulse is weak, racing or erratic.
• They experience discomfort high in the abdomen, or suffer nausea, vomiting or loss of consciousness.
• Note that not all heart attacks are accompanied by chest pain.

Knowing what to do in emergency situations is vital to helping someone survive. Learn what to do beforehand so that, when the time comes, you'll be prepared. Remember that in every emergency situation, check for hazards to ensure you are safe as well.